托福听力conversation1 理清问题与答案

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顾名思义,托福听力conversation是对话类题目,一般对话发生在student和staff,或者student和professor之间(偶尔也有teacher和staff之间或两个student之间),主要是围绕一个中心问题,以及其衍生出来的其他问题,并提供解决方案的背景设定。一篇托福听力conversation中最关键的信息逃不出三个大方向:问题、答案和态度。

【“问题”】

既然是problem-solving类的听力背景,每一篇conversation会有一个核心的问题。随着对话的推进,会围绕着这个核心问题衍生出的一些其他问题。比如在TPO3的conversation1中,学生提出的核心问题在于cannot find the classroom,但中间会衍生出类似“why didn’t she receive the letter”这样的问题。

根据听力背景的不同,问题可能会以不同的形式呈现,除了最常见的直接提问之外,其他形式包括:提出一种不确定的可能性,一种担忧,一种意见,甚至是一种等待点评的观点等,总之,凡是提出后期望对方有所回应的都可以归结于“问题”。

一般来说conversation的核心问题会在对话比较偏前的部分提出来,相当一部分是在开头就直截了当地提出来。但也有部分conversation的核心问题出来得比较晚,比如TPO9的conversation1,前面铺垫了比较多,但是核心问题出来前会有一些相对比较明朗的信号词,比如这篇conversation用了“since my appointment today is to discuss…”这样的表达来提示真正的核心问题。

有的时候,在提出问题的同时,说者还会涉及到提出该问题的原因,比如TPO48的conversation1中,学生在提出希望找一份餐馆侍者的工作时,提到了原因“I really need to make more money”,这类信息也会出现在考点中,因此需要学生有所记录。

在听力过程中,问题的提出往往意味着新一轮对话的开始,对学生确定整个文章的逻辑层次有着很重要的指示作用。从出题点来说,核心问题往往体现在主旨题上(即每篇听力的第一个问题)。常见的题目表达通常类似于“why does the student come to…/What is the purpose of…”或“what is the conversation mainly about”,前者往往问的是求助者最初的核心目的,后者则对应的是整个对话中最着重讨论的问题。

【“答案” 】

和上文的“问题”一样,“答案”也是个广义的概念。与其说是答案,不如说是对问题的回应。答案的呈现方式也可以有许多种,可以是直接的解释,给出的建议,或是对对方的赞同或反驳等。

一般来说答案部分是占篇幅最多的,也是信息量比较大的一块。在听的过程中有两个信息是最关键的,一个是直接回答问题的答案本身,另一个就是提供答案的原因。比如说TPO19的Conversation2中,食堂工作人员建议学生visit cafeteria’s website,在提出这个建议的时候提到了两个原因,一是We list all our food suppliers,二是 you can also find some charts listing fat and calorie content。同样地,这类展示原因的信息也需要体现在笔记中。

答案部分所占篇幅较长,相当一部分原因是因为在直接答案的后面,经常会跟有“近义解释”。比如说TPO26的conversation2中,教授提到bioluminescence作用的时候提到的核心信息是“they use bioluminescence to hide”.而这之后的“The light they produce matches the color of the dim sunlight, so they blend in, and, uh, and predators can’t see them”其实和“hide”是相近的意思,只不过进一步解释了hide这件事。此时只要能听明白前面的核心信息,后面的内容可以不用在笔记中着重体现。当然这种近义解释还有另一个作用,就是当学生没能听清楚核心信息时,可以有第二次机会去理解前文的意思。这一点在学术背景下的conversation中体现得尤其明显。

值得注意的是,答案与问题有时并不是一一对应的,也就是说,一个问题后,可能会有多个答案或建议出现。这个时候可能会存在干扰项:比如TPO3conversation1中,针对“why didn’t the student receive the letter”这个问题,

给出了两个可能的解释“threw it by mistake”和“sent it to the wrong address”,根据对话的内容判断出真正的答案其实是后者。除此之外,学生还需要能敏锐地判断答案本身是针对哪个问题提出的,即清楚地区分文章的逻辑层次。

还有一个常见的误区就是“问题一定是学生提出的,答案或建议一定是工作人员或者教师方给出的”。这个并不是绝对的,比如TPO26的conversation2中,教授就询问了学生有关她参加的conference的情况,学生的回答同样出现在考点中。

【“态度”】

第三个关键信息点就是态度,以及持有该态度的原因(如果有的话),通常是针对答案所给出的反馈。从最宏观的角度来说,态度分为两大类:positive和negative。

通常态度意味着一轮对话的结束,以及新一轮问题的开始。因此,态度可以用来预判接下来对话的走向。一般来说如果态度本身偏negative(即前面的答案还没有解决相应问题),很有可能接下来的一轮对话还是会围绕相同的问题;反之如果态度是positive的,那么为了conversation能够继续推进,往往会有新的问题提出。

对应到考点上来看,最容易考察态度的题型就是推断题。比如TPO19conversation2中,“What does the man mean when he says—That’s OK, seems like you are doing what you can. ”就是一个典型的态度推断题,对应的答案为“He is satisfied with the information he has received”。

总结: 一篇conversation中应该包含这三大块内容:

问题(+原因),答案(+原因),态度(+原因)。

同时在记录过程中还应注意区分内容间的逻辑层次,尤其要明确答案针对的是哪一个问题,态度针对的是哪一个答案。

如果这三块关键信息能够有条不紊地记录下来,相信在做题时会发现绝大部分考点都会落在这三个框架之内。

【真题示例】

下面将以TPO3的conversation1的文本为例,展示一篇典型的conversation中以上三个关键信息点的分布情况,以及如何在笔记中体现这些关键信息。其中蓝色标记表示问题,黄色表示答案,绿色表示态度。其中部分关键点即可以看做态度,也可以看做问题,比如“What? I’ve never got it”,既回应了前文staff提供的答案,也开启了新的问题,即“Why didn’t she receive the letter”。

--Student:

Excuse me, I’m supposed to be having my physics class in the science building, but no one’s in the classroom. Could you tell me where the class is? Physics 403 — has it been moved?

--Receptionist:

Well,there’s a room assignment sheet on the bulletin board outside this office.

--Student:

Yeah, I know, but my class isn’t listed there. There must be some kind of mistake or something. Could you look it up, please?

--Receptionist:

Hmmm... ok, let me check on the computer. It’s physics, right? Wait, did you say physics 403?

--Student:

Yeah.

--Receptionist:

Er…I’m sorry, but it says here that it was cancelled. You should have gotten a letter from the registrar’s office about this.

--Student:

What? I’ve never got it.

--Receptionist:

Are you sure? ‘Cause it says on the computer that the letter was sent out to students a week ago.

--Student:

Really? I should have gotten it by now.

I wonder if I threw it away with all the junk mail by mistake.

--Receptionist:

Well, it does happen. Er… let me check something. What’s your name?

--Student:

Woodhouse, Laura Woodhouse.

--Receptionist:

Ok, hmmm…Woodhouse, let me see… ah, it says here we sent it to your apartment on er… Center Street.

--Student:

Oh, that’s my old apartment. I moved out of there a little while ago.

--Receptionist:

Well, and I suppose you haven’t changed your mailing address at the administration office. Well, that would explain it.

--Student:

Yeah, I guess that’s it. But how can they cancel the class after offering it.If I’d known this was going to happen, I would have taken it last semester.

--Receptionist:

I know, it’s really inconvenient for you, I understand that, but er… if we don’t have enough students signed up for the course, the college can’t offer it. You know, it’s a practical issue, like we can’t have an instructor when there’re only a few students in the class. You see what I mean?

--Student:

I guess, but now I don’t know what course I should take instead.

--Receptionist:

Ok, let’s see. Do you have any courses you’re going to take next semester? If you do,you might want to take them now and sign up for physics 403 next semester.

--Student:

Yeah, I guess I could do that. I just hope it won't be cancelled again. Do you know how many people have to be enrolled in order to keep a class from being cancelled?

--Receptionist:

Well, it depends on the class, but for that class, you have to have er… let’s see, usually it’d be at least ten people, but since it was cancelled this semester, they might even do it with less. But do you know what you should do? Give the physics department a call a couple of weeks before the semester starts. They’ll be able to tell you if they’re planning to go through with it. It's their decision, actually.

--Student:

Oh, ok, I will do that. Thanks for the info.

--Receptionist:

No problem. Sorry about the class. Oh, why don’t you go change your mailing address now. It’ll only takes a minute.

--Student:

Oh, oh, sure, I will do that right way.

以下表格给出了一种可供参考的笔记记录方式,其中红色文字部分代表该信息出现在考点中。

( )中的内容可以不用体现出来,在做笔记过程中我们可以和自己规定一些“默认信号”,比如说√表示“explanation accepted/advise taken”或者“correct answer”,这样可以帮助我们更高效率完成笔记。

综上所述,针对托福听力的conversation1,我们可以先判断出对话其中一方想要解决的问题,再明确对话另一方的回应,之后关注对话双方的态度,并尽可能清晰地记录下这些要点信息,方便我们在做题过程中对听力材料进行还原。

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